1. Cells as the basic units of life
    1. Cell structure
      1. What are cells?
      2. Different types of cells
      3. Cell Structure
    2. Difference between plant and animal cells
      1. Cell wall
      2. Chloroplasts
      3. Vacuoles
    3. Cells in tissues, organs and systems
      1. Observing cells under a microscope
      2. Cells differ in shape and size
      3. Microscopic and Macroscopic organisms
      4. Organisation of cells in macroscopic organisms
    4. Summary
  2. Systems in the human body
    1. The digestive system
      1. Purpose of the digestive system
      2. Main processes in the digestive system
      3. Components of the digestive system
      4. Health issues involving the digestive system
    2. The circulatory system
      1. Purpose of the circulatory system
      2. Components of the circulatory system:
      3. Main processes in the circulatory system
      4. Components of the circulatory system:
      5. Health issues involving the circulatory system
    3. The respiratory system
      1. Purpose of the respiratory system
      2. Components of the respiratory system:
      3. Main processes in the respiratory system
      4. Health issues involving the respiratory system
    4. The musculoskeletal system
      1. Purpose of the musculoskeletal system
      2. Components of the musculoskeletal system
      3. Main processes in the musculoskeletal system
      4. Health issues involving the musculoskeletal system
    5. The excretory system
      1. Purpose of the excretory system
      2. Components of the excretory system
      3. Main processes in the excretory system
      4. Health issues involving the excretory system
    6. The nervous system
      1. Purpose of the nervous system
      2. Components of the nervous system
      3. Main processes in the nervous system
      4. Health issues involving the nervous system
    7. The reproductive system
      1. Purpose of the reproductive system
      2. Components of the reproductive system
      3. Main processes in the reproductive system
      4. Health issues involving the reproductive system
    8. Summary
  3. Human reproduction
    1. Purpose and puberty
      1. The purpose of reproduction
      2. What is the purpose of puberty?
      3. How does puberty just "start"?
      4. What changes during puberty?
    2. Reproductive organs
      1. Male reproductive organs
      2. Female reproductive organs
    3. Stages of reproduction
      1. The reproductive cycle
      2. Ovulation
      3. Menstruation
      4. Fertilisation
      5. Pregnancy and birth
      6. Influences on the unborn baby
      7. Prevention of pregnancy and contraceptives
      8. Choices regarding unwanted pregnancies
    4. Summary
  4. Circulatory and respiratory systems
    1. Breathing
    2. Gaseous exchange in the lungs
      1. Structure of the lung
      2. How does diffusion work?
    3. Circulation and respiration
      1. Blood circulation from the lungs to the heart
      2. Blood circulation from the heart to the rest of the body
      3. Respiration within the cells
      4. Blood circulation from the body back to the heart and lungs
      5. Heart rate
    4. Summary
  5. Digestive system
    1. A healthy diet
      1. The seven building blocks of a healthy diet
      2. Testing food
      3. Health problems relating to diet
    2. Digestion and the alimentary canal
      1. What is digestion?
      2. The alimentary canal
    3. Summary
  6. Life and Living Glossary
  7. Compounds
    1. Elements and compounds
      1. The particles that make up compounds
      2. The atoms in molecules and lattices are combined in a fixed ratio
      3. Each compound has a unique name and formula
      4. The atoms in a compound are held together by chemical bonds
      5. Compounds form during chemical reactions
      6. A compound has a chemical formula
    2. The Periodic Table
      1. What information can we find on the Periodic Table?
      2. How are the elements arranged on the Periodic Table?
      3. Names and chemical symbols
      4. Properties of elements in the same group
    3. Names of compounds
      1. Each compound has a unique name
      2. Type 1: Compounds that contain a metal and a non-metal
      3. Type 2: Compounds that contain only non-metals
    4. Summary
  8. Chemical reactions
    1. Thinking about chemical reactions
    2. How do we represent chemical reactions?
      1. 1. Word equations
      2. 2. Picture equations
      3. 3. Chemical equations
      4. Coefficients and subscripts in chemical equations
    3. Balanced equations
    4. Summary
  9. Reactions of metals with oxygen
    1. The reaction of iron with oxygen
    2. The reaction of magnesium with oxygen
    3. The general reaction of metals with oxygen
      1. The word equation
      2. The picture equation
      3. The chemical equation
    4. The formation of rust
      1. Rust is a form of iron oxide
      2. The problem with rust
    5. Ways to prevent rust
      1. Paint provides a barrier to rust
      2. Other metals as barriers to rust
    6. Summary
  10. Reactions of non-metals with oxygen
    1. The general reaction of non-metals with oxygen
    2. The reaction of carbon with oxygen
    3. The reaction of sulfur with oxygen
    4. Other non-metal oxides
      1. The reaction between phosphorus and oxygen
      2. The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
    5. Summary
  11. Acids, bases and the pH value
    1. What is the pH value?
      1. A word or two on measurement
      2. Measuring acidity and basicity
      3. Can we measure how acidic or basic something is?
    2. Indicators
      1. What is an acid-base-indicator?
      2. Universal indicator
      3. How else can we measure pH?
    3. Summary
  12. Reactions of acids with bases
    1. Neutralisation and pH
      1. What is neutralisation?
      2. The products of acid-base reactions
      3. Which laboratory acids should we know about?
      4. Non-metal oxides form acidic solutions
      5. Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates form basic solutions
    2. The general reaction of an acid with a metal oxide
      1. General equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal oxide
      2. Equations for the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid
    3. The general reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide
      1. General equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide
      2. Equations for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
    4. The general reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate
      1. General equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate
      2. Equations for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
      3. Applications for calcium carbonate
    5. Summary
  13. Reactions of acids with metals
    1. The reaction of an acid with a metal
      1. General equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal
      2. Equations for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid
      3. Chemist or Pharmacist?
    2. Summary
  14. Matter and Materials Glossary
  15. Forces
    1. Types of forces
      1. What is a force?
      2. Effects of forces
      3. Pairs of forces
      4. Representing forces
      5. Types of forces
    2. Contact forces
      1. Friction
      2. Tension and compression
    3. Field (non-contact) forces
      1. Gravitational forces
      2. Magnetic forces
      3. Electrostatic forces
    4. Summary
    5. Revision
  16. Electric cells as energy systems
    1. Electric cells
  17. Resistance
    1. What is resistance?
    2. Uses of resistors
    3. Factors that affect resistors
      1. Type of material
      2. Thickness of the conductor
      3. Length of the conductor
      4. Temperature of the conductor
  18. Series and parallel circuits
    1. Series circuits
      1. What is potential difference?
      2. Cells in series
      3. Resistors in series
    2. Parallel circuits
      1. Cells in parallel
      2. Resistors in parallel
  19. Safety with electricity
    1. Safety practices
      1. Earthing
      2. Circuit breakers
      3. Earth leakage
      4. Wiring a 3-pin plug
    2. Illegal connections
    3. Summary
    4. Revision questions
  20. Energy and the national electricity grid
    1. Electricity generation
    2. Nuclear power in South Africa
    3. National electricity grid
  21. Cost of electrical energy
    1. What is electrical power?
    2. The cost of energy consumption
  22. Energy and Change Glossary
  23. The Earth as a system
    1. Spheres of the Earth
      1. Earth's four spheres
      2. Interaction between the spheres
      3. Upsetting the balance
  24. The lithosphere
    1. What is the lithosphere?
      1. Inside the Earth
    2. The rock cycle
      1. How does the rock cycle work?
      2. Sedimentary rock
      3. Metamorphic rock
      4. Igneous rock
      5. Rocks contain minerals
  25. Mining of mineral resources
    1. Exploration: Finding minerals
      1. Methods of exploration
    2. Extracting ores
      1. Surface mining
      2. Underground mining
    3. Crushing and milling
    4. Separating minerals from waste
      1. Hand sorting
      2. Magnetic separation
      3. Density separation
      4. Flotation
    5. Refining minerals
      1. Refining iron
    6. Mining in South Africa
      1. The impact of mining
  26. The atmosphere
    1. What is the atmosphere?
    2. The troposphere
    3. The stratosphere
      1. What happens to ozone in the atmosphere?
    4. The mesosphere
    5. The thermosphere
    6. The greenhouse effect
      1. Global warming
  27. Birth, life and death of a star
    1. The birth of a star
    2. Life of a star
    3. Death of a star
    4. Summary
  28. Planet Earth and Beyond Glossary